Why Dont We Like Troilus - Literature Essay Samples

Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde opens to the ringing tones of Troiluss double sorwe. From the first lines it is ascertained that he is the main character of the poem, no matter how attractive Pandarus and Criseyde appear. Troilus heartbreak, explained in 8,000 glorious lines, is the subject of some contention amongst the poems various audiences. Criseydes guilt, and so Troilus worth, has been extrapolated by the likes of Robert Henryson, who described Criseydes horrible punishment and eventual death. Here Criseyde becomes the villain of the piece, and Troilus is exonerated. But what of his ramrodding her into confessions of love? Perhaps Chaucer intended him to be no more than a tragic dreamer who had no right to expect from Criseyde the same devotion that he gave. At the end of the poem Troilus is left, feeling rather foolish, mocking and alone, but this is also part of how we seem him. At whom is he laughing? The question of how much an audience likes Troilus is as important as that of how Chaucer intended him to be understood. Using Benson as the key text, this issue of our appreciation of Troilus will be the main focus of this essay.Perhaps it is most rewarding to look at Troilus with respect to others responses to him as a character. The first charge to be levelled at Troilus, here by the narrator, is that of his blind pride. He is, in his heart, a proude knyght. He is brother to the famous Hector, prince of the city, and a man for whom love holds no attraction. Initially, he appears haughty, but proud not of his wealth or his birth, his good looks or his strength, but instead of what he conceives as his ability to withstand temptation. Troilus is a man who leads his colleagues in girl-watching:This Troilus, as he was wont to gideHis yonge kyghtes, lad hem yp and downIn thilke large temple on every side,Byholding ay the ladies of the town. (Book I, 1 83-86)His enjoyment is, as Chauncey Wood suggests, not solely in the aesthetic evaluation of the ladies themselves , but more in his resistance to their charms and in the discomfiture of those in his retinue who cannot admire dispassionately, but who become emotionally entangled. Proleptically as a blind fool himself, he denounces them and adds to it his own endorsement:He gan caste up the browe, Ascances, Loo! Is this naught wisely spoken?His irritating confidence make him a hard hero to love. We can cross-reference this confidence in personal infallibility with what Chaucer has already propounded, for example through what the Parson tells us in the Canterbury Tales:Goodes of grace been power to suffre spiritual travaille Withstondynge oftemptacioun Of which forseyde goodes, certes it is a ful greet folye a man to priden hym inany of hem alle. (l 455)The parson exposes this phenomenon of self-love as well known to a medieval audience. This pride in ones own virtues was a common distaste. It is Troilus greet folye to be such a tempting target for the humbling darts o f Cupid, and his suitability as a target is insisted on in this early section of the poem. He is compared to a proud peacock, his pride is said to be caught by the God of Love, he is called a proud knight, the effects of surquidrie and foul presumpcioun, (I, 213) are highlighted. Troilus is set for a fall. Most interesting is the immediate analogy with Bayard, who moot endure horses lawe despite his proud prancing. Patricia Kean has interpreted this as a simple link between the horse obeying his law and Troilus obeying also the lawe of kynde (I, 238). Thus , she continues, the laws governing Troilus character, given to him by (his own) Nature, lead to an inevitability in the development of the story. However, she continues to argue that love ennobles Troilus, which seems at odds with this comparison to a common stable horse. More, it seems, that instead of being ennobled, Troilus is subgit to love as Bayard is subject to the Traces and the whip. Bayard is traditionally t he name for a blind horse, and the suggestion of the noble prince as a fat, blind horse, does not seem to suggest his elevation by love. Other critics have pointed out that the horse has sometimes been seen as a metaphor for carnal appetite, and this seems to have only complicated this particular debate. It seems Troilus is cursed with love, awakening his sleeping appetites. He is forced, in the end, to be simply a man and to conform to the laws of man and nature. It is important though to notice how Chaucer emphasizes the element of pride in the comparison. Set in the time about which Homer wrote, perhaps proud Troilus too ought to have an honorific epithet.Most distasteful to a modern audience, perhaps, is our understanding that Troiluss pride is based on a false preconception: he believes he is immune to temptation because he has never faced it. This can been seen when he declares:I have herd told, pardieux, or youre lyvynge,Ye lovers, and your lewed obervaunces (I, 197)Tr oilus can sneer at lovers because he has heard tell of them. He has never been in love, and doesnt understand what it entails, and we can see this right from the very beginning of the tale. Here Chaucer sets him up for his descent into idolatry. He also hides his love initially, where he softe sighed, lest men myghte hym here. This could be due to his total shock and sudden undermining of the foundations of his pride and sense of self worth. However, it seems deceitful and adds to our impression of him, initially at least, as an un-admirable character.Some critics have leaped to Troilus defence saying that he is merely an exemplar of courtly love but how far is this true and vindicable? C. S. Lewis defined the conundrum of courtly love as Humility, Courtesy, Adultery, and the Religion of Love. Compare this to Troilus initial reflections on his new awakened love:And to the God of Love thus seyde he Yo thanke I, lorde that han me brought to this.But wheither goddesse or wom an, iwis,She be, I not, which that ye do me serve;But as hire man I wol ay luve and sterve. (I, 422, 424-7)Here Troilus shows his obedience to his lady. It has been argued that the idea of courtly love originated in the court of the Countess Marie of Champagne, who was amused by the idea of a world ruled by women where, as Benson says all the handsome young men faithfully served their ladies for the sake of love, rather than their loutish feudal lords for the sake of plunder. His humility is now to Cupid, having realised the folly of his pride. But does this make him more loveable?As the poem progresses Troilus is mostly accused of being melodramatic, for example:Yet Troilus for al this no word seyde,But longe he laye style as he ded were;After this with sikunge he abreyde that in feereWas Pandarus, lest that in frenesieHe shoulde falle, or elles soone die. (I, 722-5, 727-8)Here the language Chaucer uses does seem very emotive, perhaps overly so. Compared to the assured refin ement of, for example, Sir Gawain, Troilus seems ill-equipped to cope with the pangs of love. His lack of experience shows in this response to the pressures of unrequited idolatry he seems to be incapacitated, as is physically evident in his stillness and, more, in the way he takes no action until goaded by Pandarus. Troilus is a curiously passive lover. It is debateable whether he is to be praised for his restraint, or condemned for indecisiveness. He seems weak, however, in that it requires all of Pandarus skill even to convince him to, for example, ride past Criseydes house. His immediate response to trouble is to go to his room and cry, as when he discovers the news that Criseyde has been traded:To bedde he goeth, and walwith ther and torneth in furie (V, 211)This makes him less appealing. However, surely he works in the same way as Othello, who is equally incapable of coping with his Jealousy, or Macbeth who trips over his own ambition? The intensity of the scene is a tool used to show Troilus workings and his destroyed naivete. His inactivity is symptomatic of the horror of the moment. Also to exonerate him from undue dramatics, the narrator backs him up by initially explaining the horror of his situation:Forthi ful ofte, his hote fir to cesse,To sen hire goodly looke he gan to presse;For therby to ben esed wel he wende,And ay the ner he was, the more he brende. (I, 445-8)Here we see the narrator explaining the burnings of Troilus desire so that we are not tempted to condemn his whining. Troilus is a soul in genuine torment and his endurance is thus an admirable trait. One of the places where a reader is moved most is when Troilus stands on the walls of Troy, waiting all day, hoping to see his love riding towards him. Even though he seems a little foolish in his hopes, an audience can still sympathise with the plight of waiting in hope, of stretching out his hope even unto the closing of the gates of the city, and then the crushing sadness of his rejection. For a while his hope even re-lights anew each morning until he accepts his loss. This Troilus is the evocative hero, hurt and undeserving. It has been argued that the character expects too much of Criseyde to hope for her to fight her way out of the Greek camp and ride across no-mans land alone and vulnerable to come and visit him for a day. At times in the poem Troilus seems to force himself on Criseyde, paradoxically even whilst vowing to be obedient to her. He threatens her with his own death if she does not show him some sign of affection, and she consents in accord with her own desires. Troilus is a character of war: in the same world of Achilles and Hector there are enemies and foes; he sets about his entrapment of his lady with aggressive self-sacrifice, almost as though she were the city to be conquered. And yet this is a result of Pandarus goading; perhaps it is true to say that Pandarus nudges Troilus into reacting in the only way he knows how; as t hough it were a military problem. His initial inactivity is symptomatic of his inability to deal with the problem as one of naked love.The narrator is important to this poem. As G.T. Shepherd suggests, the narrator is the only fully-developed character in the poem he is the only figure who reacts and changes with the sequence of events narrated. He also goes on to comment interestingly that the narrator is both inside and outside the story. It is true that the narrator speaks of himself when introducing the story, as well as acting the parts of characters later in the story. He is not always impartial. In the case of Troilus, it is important that the narrator emphasises this lawe of kynde, as though to highlight that the events are outside of Troilus control. But the counterweight to this is the invisible third person exclaiming O blinde world, O blynde entencioun. The narrator is as duped as Troilus. Shepherd suggests that to an inflammatory medieval audience the narrat or must maintain throughout something of that initial naivete lest he be help responsible for the calamity. Troilus, then, rises and falls on the strength of his own character and is not manipulated by the fallible narrating figure.Troilus does not seem to have the same sense of fun that Criseyde and Pandarus have, and takes himself more seriously than they seem to do. Criseyde returns from her bedroom (where she has been reading Troilus initial love letter) to sneak up behind Pandarus, pull his hood, and exclaim Ye were caught er that ye wiste. As Alfred David says, even such a light moment reveals her essential nature she regards life as a most enjoyable game. This is a somewhat stark contrast to the proude knyghte who takes himself so seriously that when he believes Criseyde dead he pulls out his sword and prepares to kill himself. Not all courtly lovers were so dedicated: much later by Shakespeares time he slyly remarked Men have died from time to time and the worms have eaten them, but not for love. Bearing this in mind, Troilus has become more a source of gentle mockery as the centuries have passed and the ideals been lost.The final stanzas of the poem show a curious disembodied laughter. Alfred David comments that a poem in which the tragic heros ghost is permitted to laugh at the mourners of his death expresses a qualified view of the tragic experience and suggests that Troilus celestial laughter is also at the expense of the readers tragic sensibility. More specifically Chaucer ends:And in himself he lough right at the woOf hem that wepten for his deth so faste, And dampened al oure werk that foloweth soThe blynde lust, the which may nat laste.This suggests a bitter mockery on the part of Troilus, rather than a cheerful laughter. Chaucer suggests that he mocks not only those that mourn for him, but all those that are in the thrall of blynde lust. Whether this is because he in retrospect believes his love was no more than lust, or that Cr iseydes was, is uncertain. Here he would mock himself and his old foolish heart. Instead perhaps he mocks them because he is certain of the purity of his love and its futile outcome. It is even possible that he finds the antics of the living amusing whatever the truth, Chaucers strange ending to the poem is thought-provoking at the very least and leaves us uncertain of Troilus standing. The fact that he goes to the eighth sphere and not Tartarus, the Elysian Fields, Heaven, or even Hell is telling. Troilus is not a simple black and white character.Also interesting in this poem is the unusual double sorwe structure, rather than just being the tale of Troilus fall from grace. Troilus begins on what he believes to be an emotional peak. From here he falls in love and sinks into the depths of unrequited love. Next he gain his love and reaches a new and greater highpoint, and then with news of the swap for Diomedes sinks again to the floor. Only when he dies is he perhaps raised up again, as with his laughter Chaucer attempts to have both a tragedy and a happy ending. This makes a W shape. If we compare this to a graph of conventional morality, Troilus starts at the bottom with his pride and lack of self-knowledge. He is raised up by his falling in love to a level of understanding, and yet stoops to sex which is, if not technically adultery, then at least out of wedlock and morally extremely questionable. From here he loses his love and perhaps is raised a little higher as he stops committing this sin and his eyes are more open from the self-deceit he has been practising when he realises Criseyde has left him. At the end he sits in the eighth sphere where he was taken by Mercury and laughs at those he has left behind. This would seem to form a very rough M shape to complement the graph of his feelings. Troilus is the driving force in the poem and as Malone said movement of the poem conforms throughout to the feelings of its hero . Here Troilus seem s to ricochet between euphoria and despair, making him a hard character to follow. His emotions are also so extreme that they can be hard to empathies with.Troilus is not a character who immediately yields to interpretation. He is an exponent of courtesy and courtly love, and yet one who seems almost to force Criseyde into her response to him. He cries alone in his room and can take no action without being pushed into it, and yet is a fierce and noble warrior, second only to Hector himself. Criseydes unfaithfulness drives him to his death but he does not find peace; instead his mocking laugh echoes throughout the poem. His pride and arrogance are major flaws, and yet he pays for them. He is naive and foolish, and yet none can claim that he doesnt get his comeuppance, even harder perhaps than he deserved. We are not encouraged to like him, and yet we must find sympathy for one so unhappy. He finds it nearly impossible to cope with the trials of love, and is finally rejected. Perhaps we appreciate him best when we see, just as all Chaucers characters, that he is human after all.

Ephesians 5 21-33 And Marriage - 902 Words

Mkhululi Zulu Ephesians 5:21-33 Marriage is a process whereby two people of the opposite sex go into an agreement of being together for eternity. However, due to misunderstandings and different views in life as people get to know each other more, the issue of divorce has risen to alarming rates. In some countries, the divorce rate occurs in 50 percent of the marriages thereby destroying families. Ephesians 5:21-33 is an example of how a happy relationship can be achieved. The verses from 21 to 33 of Ephesians chapter 5 encourage both husband and wife to submit to each other as they would give themselves to God. This is a very important verse that so many people overlook because a lot of people do not involve God to guide them throughout their marriage. Without God nothing is possible on this earth, because it is by him that all things exist in life. In verse 23, the husband is regarded as the head of the family. He should be the one to protect them at all times and to have the best interests of his wife and family before anything. It is also the duty of the wife to treat the husband with respect so that this encourages him to continue being supportive and to protect her at all times. In Ephesians 5 verse 22 tells wives that they are to submit to their husbands as they do to the Lord. The process of submitting to someone in this case does not mean being a slave, it means accepting to go under the leadership and choosing to be a subordinate in a circumstance or relationship.Show MoreRelatedMarriage Comparison Of Corinthians And Ephesians893 Words   |  4 PagesDaryl Amis Dr. Roy A. Fowler Marriage Comparison of 1 Corinthians and Ephesians 26 April 2017 Matters of Marriage The matters of marriage which are discussed in both 1 Corinthians 7:1-17 and in Ephesians 5:21-33 deal with marriage. 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My Personal Experience With A Social Group - 951 Words

In the whole semester, we have studied lots of issues related to diversity in America through the textbook and the weekly discussions in this class. I’m born and grown up in the Eastern Asia, also the Asian who is studying college in the United States. Because of my identity and life experiences let me have interested in this course, I care about the diversity issues especially ethnicity issue. To be frank, I have never really known what is the difference between the word Ethnicity and Race. I thought this two word was the entirely the same meaning. According to the Oxford Dictionaries, ethnicity is more like a social group, they share a distinctive culture, religion, language, etc. The Race is more like physical symbolize, something like the color of the skin, or more distinct physical features, bone structure, etc. Now I think I understand what these two words means. In this essay, I will be using my personal experience to write ethnicity reflection. 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Sustainable Tourism Is A Directed Planning-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Sustainable Tourism Is A Directed Planning? Answer: Introducation Sustainable tourism is a future directed planning and monitoring mechanism which mainly deals with the protection from the potential threats of severe and irreversible nature. For sustainable tourism precautions should be taken even before the occurrence of threat. Consideration of cause and effect relationship of threats is very important in sustainable tourism. Fiji government identified potential of Fiji tourism and incorporated it in the national development planning and established Green Growth Framework for Fiji. Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) and UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) proved helpful for the Fiji to assess the sustainability of the tourist business in Fiji. Landscapes, flora and fauna, good climate, clean sandy beaches and friendly people are the requirements for the sustainable tourism. All these requirements are available in Fiji. Different stakeholders like Government agencies, local people, and foreign investors have significant role in the sustainable tourism (Brebbia et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2014). It is evident that, most of the tourism operations are established without considerations of the interest of local community people and these people are not allowed to take part in decision making. Another aspect of social consideration that people from the villages nearby tourists places are getting employment opportunities. Eco-resorts in the Fiji are allowing local people to sale their products at these resorts. Hence, they are getting good livelihood. These resorts are also supporting local community people by providing them medical facilities which are not available at their villages. Hence, issue of interest of local people gets nullified. Fiji is a poor country and approximately 25 % people are poor. In such scenario, building luxury resorts in such country looks weird instead of building houses for poor people. However, these luxury resorts would be helpful in drawing huge tourists which would be helpful in sustainable tourism. Social incorporation in the tourism is achieved by providing education in mangrove restoration and watershed projects. Traditional Fijian Bobo and Duavata style massage is the special attraction for the tourists. These efforts are attracting more tourists to Fiji. People in the Fiji need to adjust their lives due to tourism. These people need to do shopping at different timings to avoid overcrowding at market places. Sometimes these local people need to remove themselves from the community to escape from the overcrowding. Fiji is a small island and it has its own values and cultures. Tourism can dilute its values and cultures. Fiji is multicultural society and both Fijians and Indians are residing in Fiji. Fijians prefer outdoor jobs where they can be in direct contact with the foreign tourists. On the other hand, Indians prefer indoor jobs which can keep them isolated from the tourists (Cheer and Lew, 2017; Wood, 2017). Resource conservation is the most important factor in terms of environmental factors for sustainable tourism. Environmental friendly resorts are becoming widely popular for tourists in the Fiji. These resorts are getting appreciation for sustainability initiatives. These resorts are meant to minimize environmental impact and maximize community benefits. These resorts are promoting environmental protection by organically cultivating vegetables and incorporating marine biologists in its staff. Many coral reefs get affected due to tourism and it affected environment badly. Few of the reefs sustained irreversible damage. Increasing influx of tourism in the in Fiji leads to the competition for use of natural resources among tourism, households, agriculture and industry. Snorkelling and scuba diving are the major tourists attractions in Fiji, however these sports have direct impact on the wellbeing of thousands of species of fish, reptiles, mammals, and corals. These divers and operators c an damage natural and environmental heritage. Golf is another tourist attraction in the Fiji and it can produce pollution in Fiji. Golf can damage environment by use of fertilizer runoff and drawing farmers in land scarcity for farming (Reddy and Wilkes, 2012).; Worldwide tourism is a labour intensive industry and it is also true for Fiji. Fijians who lives near the hotels and resorts are getting good job opportunities. Tourism in Fiji is good for economy of local community. People from villages nearby tourist places are creating job opportunities for themselves and making their livelihood. Few international companies are also running tourist business in Fiji and these companies are making efforts to give local community their share. These people are getting jobs in the form of tourist guides and educators and adding to their own financial condition and to the national economy. International companies are offering experienced guides to peruse higher education and take over managerial positions at the resorts. People in the Fiji are protecting fishing from the international fishing agencies. This effort is giving these native people a very good economic stability and sustainability. People in the Fiji utilising money earned from the tourism f or better living conditions and improving quality of life. People in the Fiji are ready to take hardships and hassles coming their way along with tourism because it is helping their economy (Modica and Uysal, 2016; Torres and Momsen, 2011). Fiji government should give more attention in maintaining law and order in the country. Effective measures should be taken to eliminate crime. High quality security would be helpful in attracting tourists and it would also be helpful in securing national property which can be invested for attracting more tourists. Government should make policies so that more number of local people should take ownership of hotels and resorts. It would be helpful in retaining funds internally. Investment packages should be provided for the local people. Purchase of local items should be mandatory for the establishment of the hotels and resorts. Government should make efforts to reduce leakage due to earnings of the tourism. Support should be extended to the agri-based projects so that it would reduce imported food. Government should work in collaboration with private firms to identify loopholes in the tourism industry and fill these gaps. Government need to allocate sufficient budget for the marketing of tourism in Fiji. Fiji Visitors Bureau and Marketing Division of the Fiji Islands Trade and Investment Bureau should be incorporated in the marketing of tourism in Fiji. Tax exemption should be provided to the investors in tourism business in Fiji. It would be helpful in making Fiji as the most attractive tourism destination. Government should allocate more resources for the development and construction of infrastructure facilities like roads, water, electricity and sewage (Miller and Twining-Ward, 2015). Government should identify specific areas with potential of tourism development and make tourism clusters in that particular area. Government should promote youth of Fiji for skill development necessary for tourism and provide them training for skill development. Government should make efforts to prevent emigration of skilled persons because in recent past, more number of skilled workers were emigrating from the Fiji. Government should make flexible policies and guidelines relate d to the work permits. It would be helpful in meeting human resource requirement of the tourism industry in Fiji. Proper attention should be given to prevent deforestation in Fiji to maintain environmental balance. Environmental protection can be achieved by investing more in environmental protection from the revenues obtained by the tourism incurred due to environmental factors (Brebbia et al., 2014; Cheer and Lew, 2017).; References: Brebbia, C. A., Favro, S., Pineda, F. D. (2014). Sustainable Tourism VI. WIT Press. Cheer, J. M., and Lew, A. A. (2017). Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability: Adapting to Social, Political and Economic change. Routledge. Harris, R., Williams, P., and Griffin, T. (2012). Sustainable Tourism. Routledge. Miller, G., and Twining-Ward, L. (2005). Monitoring for a Sustainable Tourism Transition. CABI. Modica, P., and Uysal, M. (2016). Sustainable Island Tourism: Competitiveness and Quality of Life. CABI. Reddy, M. V., and Wilkes, K. (2012). Tourism, Climate Change and Sustainability. Routledge. Torres, R. M., and Momsen, J. H. (2011). Tourism and Agriculture: New Geographies of Consumption, Production and rural restructuring. Taylor Francis. Wood, M. E. (2017). Sustainable Tourism on a Finite Planet: Environmental, Business and Policy Solutions. Taylor Francis.